What Were the Causes of the American Civil War Essay

What were the causes of the American Civil War? The Civil War happened due to the many differences between the North and the South. For example economic, social, cultural and political differences. These all helped lead America to a Civil War. But to an extent, the most important cause was the fact there were many disagreements with states rights versus federal rights. It was clear that there was always going to be a conflict between the federal government and the state governments because the federal government has the power to discuss bills and proposals for new laws. Whereas the state governments only has power to deal with policing, education and health care. And issues like slavery created tension between the two because the†¦show more content†¦And the Souths commitment to essential production of goods and slave labour was reflected in the region0s distinctive cult of honour, and its defence of social inequality. The South heavily relied on slavery to keep their economy stable, although not their only source of money, but by abolishing slavery and making it illegal it would damage their economy quite badly. And so this caused a lot of tension between the North and South because they were very different economically. The South is much more agricultural, and is reliant upon exports as well. The North on the other hand is in complete contrast to the South. The North industrialised very fast and many people of poor background and some African-American succeeded and made a lot of money. It isnt very clear that if they had lived in the South if they could have achieved this much success, but those in the North faced a lot less discrimination compared to the South. Because the economics of the dynamic industrializing North and the static agrarian South were incompatible, the two societies were on a collision course that led inexorably to war (http://civilwartalk.com/threads/historians-evolving-views -of-civil-war-causality.21223/) Many historians agree that this was not a major cause. According to economic historian Lee A. Craig, In fact, numerous studies by economic historians over the past several decades reveal that economic conflict was not an inherent condition of North-SouthShow MoreRelatedWhat Caused The American Civil War1634 Words   |  7 PagesWhat caused the American Civil War from 1861 to 1865? There has been several different debates and disputes about the causes of the American Civil War. Historians have stated slavery was the primary cause of the American Civil War, while other historians have argued there were other causes and effects in conjunction with slavery. Research has shown all historians did agree upon the division between the North, known as the Union, and the South, known as the Confederacy, battled on the soil of theRead MoreThe Civil War And American History890 Words   |  4 Pages In American History many significant events took place that re flected religious faith of multiple Americans and has shaped the world we live in today. Throughout the 1800s, the most memorable times in America took place throughout the Civil War. Events that escalated before, during and even following the Civil War resulted in a chain of reactions from many people within that period. After analyzing the events of the Civil War, I was able to draw a connection to the actions of the soldiers, womenRead MoreThe American Civil War, Wars, And Rumors Of Wars1183 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Civil War Wars, Wars and rumors of wars!!!! Everyone knows the United States has had its fair share of wars. Let me start by giving you a brief list of wars the United States has participated in according to Wikipedia. Both â€Å"Barbary Wars (1801-1805, 1815-1816), Wars of 1812, Mexican-American War (1846-48), American Civil War (1861-65), Indian War (1865-91), Spanish-American War( 1898), Philippine-American War (1899-1902) Border War(Mexican Revolutionary)1910-1919, World War I (1917-18)Read MoreRace And Reunion : The Civil War1581 Words   |  7 Pagessouth. Striving for a reunion, a majority of American white communities close obscure the civil war racial narrative would only fade. In race and reunion: The Civil War in American memory, by David Blight, represents how Americans chose to remember the Civil War conflict, from the beginning of the turning point of the war. The two major themes race and reunion, demonstrate how white Americans adjusted and altered the causes and outcomes of the Civil War to reflect their particular ideas regardingRead MoreCivil War Causes1382 Words   |  6 Pages Causes of the Civil War John Brown’s Raid vs. Industrial Revolution John Brown’s Raid was a more influential cause to the civil war than the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution caused incompability between the North and the South. The North relied on wage laborers with the new machine age economy while the South relied heavily on slaves. So, the North did not need slaves for their economyRead MoreCauses Of The American Civil War760 Words   |  4 PagesThe Civil War was one of the most momentous and pivotal periods in U.S history. After decades of tension between the North and South over matters involving expansion, slavery, and the states rights these caused the beginning of a horrific devastating time known as the American Civil War, that lasted between 1861-1865. Within these 4 long barbaric and destructive years, it led to an innumerous amount of political, social, and economical changes for the U.S. Leaving 2.4 million dead and millionsRead MoreWho Is The American Civil War?1245 Words   |  5 Pagesabout the America n Civil War, their first thought is usually about how the Union and Confederacy fought over whether man should or should not have the right to own slaves. While this issue was the main cause and the biggest factor that led to the American Civil War, it is not the only cause or factor. In Jeffery Dixon’s article, What Causes Civil Wars? There are two other big issue that cause counties to go war against each other. Those two other issues are; economy and geography. Civil Wars are foughtRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1335 Words   |  6 Pagesback with hindsight and the knowledge of warfare of the 21st century it is easy to say that the American Civil War was simply put, a very traditional war. Thinking of modern tactics and a course of numbers and deployment one might come to the conclusion that the Civil War was fought centuries ago; nevertheless, it only occurred 152 years ago. This hard fought national struggle was in fact a very modern war for many simple re asons, including the emergence of a new form of large national government withRead MorePrimary Causes Of The Civil War820 Words   |  4 Pagesstandpoints on why the Civil War had been fought but the primary reason why the Civil War started over uncompromisable differences between free Southern states and pro-slavery Northern states and their controversy over government power and slave laws. Fought during April of 1861 to 1865, the Civil War had divided the country into a frenzy against each other. In fact, a devastating 620,000 soldiers had died from accident, combat, starvation and disease, the deadliest war in American history. To add toRead MoreDebate on Civil War1069 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Historians’ Debate on the Civil War The American Civil War has without a doubt left a permanent divide on this great nation’s past and present. American historians still debate the causes of a war that began in 1861 between the Union states and Confederacy states. The war can be seen as caused by the principle of slavery, the growing tension between northern and southern ideology or due to a crack in the political system of the time. United States’ history classes focus on teaching students

Marijuana as a Gateway Drug - 2211 Words

Sociology 225 Research Paper Marijuana as a Gateway Drug The gateway theory is a hypothesis which states that the use of gateway drugs (alcohol, tobacco and marijuana) lead to the use of more illicit drugs such as heroin and cocaine. According to the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), marijuana is a Schedule I substance under the Controlled Substances Act. â€Å"Schedule I drugs are classified as having a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance under medical supervision.† Marijuana is thus considered by the U.S. government to be more dangerous than cocaine and opium - both Schedule II drugs, and at the same time a†¦show more content†¦Risk of hard drug use goes up with marijuana use as a matter of circumstance not due to an unbreakable link. There are two parts to the gateway theory: 1) those that use illicit substances like cocaine or heroin will use marijuana first and 2) the use of marijuana exerts a casual influence on one’s likelihood of using other illicit substances. According to the Can Social Psychological Delinquency Theory Explain The Link Between Marijuana and Other Illicit Drug Use?† article, the study set out to disprove the second qualification of the gateway theory. However, it failed to do so because the results suggested â€Å"those who use marijuana are between three and five times more likely than counterparts to use other illicit drugs even after adjusting statistically for the influence for strain, social bonding and differential association.† It noted that the â€Å"results were observed across multiple time points and across multiple methods, one of which adjusts statistically for the influence of unmeasured variables.† It conceded the point that the use of marijuana may contribute in a casual manner to one’s probability of using other illicit drugs. It has been widely regarded that â€Å"postponing youths’ marijuana initiation, prevention efforts will reduce the likelihood of hard drug use and abuse† (Yamaguchi amp; Kandel 1984b; Kandel et al. 1992; Golub amp; Johnson 2001). Postponing one’s marijuana initiation to a certain extent only brings them closer to the drug underworld. In aShow MoreRelatedMarijuana a Gateway Drug?906 Words   |  4 PagesANALYSIS: MARIJUANA Critical Issue Analysis: Marijuana Janet Matthews University of Phoenix April 22, 2009 Critical Issue Analysis: Marijuana Gfroerer, J. W. (2005). Marijuana Is a Gateway Drug First time marijuana use will lead to harder drugs, creates health risks including HIV. Earleywine, M. (2004). Marijuana Is Not a Gateway to Other Addictive Drugs. Most marijuana users do not touch hard drugs. First time marijuana use doesRead MoreMarijuana: A Boon or A Gateway Drug876 Words   |  4 Pages ‘Cannabis’- a plant of wonder, commonly known for its by-products like marijuana, hashish, hemp oil, etc. is the most popular drug plant. These products often used for their psychoactive effects. This can include heightened mood or euphoria, relaxation, and an increase in appetite. Popularity of the marijuana has increased widely these days between all age groups. Smoker’s says, â€Å"There is no harm in smoking marijuana, as it is non-addictive, it relaxes your body and connects you to your soul whereasRead MoreJaclyn Larsen. Mr. Gregory. Period 2. February 12, 2017.1749 Words   |  7 PagesPeriod 2 February 12, 2017 The Gateway Theory: On Marijuana Within the last few years there has been a nation wide drive towards the legalization of marijuana. This year, it has finally been taken off the list of gateway drugs. A number of states have seen the legalization of marijuana as a gateway to medical benefits. Whereas other states are still skeptical of some of the unknown factors of marijuana. So how was the decision made that marijuana is not a gateway drug? It simply came to the end factRead MoreGateway Effect of Marijuana Essay1405 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana has been used by people over many centuries for medical uses. It is a natural pain killer used today as a recreational drug by people all over the world. According to Noel Merino in, â€Å"Introduction to Gateway Drugs: Opposing Viewpoints†, â€Å"a drug is something other than food intended to affect the structure or function of the body†. Marijuana is a very controversial drug and has been outlawed in many countries for its affect on the function of t he body. â€Å"Effects may involve hallucinationsRead More†¢Legalizing Marijuana Is Beneficial For A Person’S Mental717 Words   |  3 Pages†¢ Legalizing marijuana is beneficial for a person’s mental and emotional health Marijuana should be legalized because it is beneficial for a person’s mental and emotional health. Marijuana is beneficial for a person’s mental and emotional health because it helps decrease anxiety, relieve stress and it provides a mental break from pain for those who are suffering physically. Firstly, marijuana is beneficial to one’s mental and emotional health because it helps decrease anxiety. Anxiety affects 12%Read MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?849 Words   |  4 Pageswhether marijuana should be legalized. Around 23 states have legalized marijuana for medical and recreational use. In the state of Illinois, medicinal use of marijuana has been passed on April 17, 2013. Since January 2014, patients are able to obtain marijuana with a doctor s recommendation. The new debate is whether marijuana should be legalized for the general public as a recreational drug. Although some believe that marijuana is harmless, and that it has beneficial medicinal uses, ma rijuana shouldRead MoreThe Benefits Of Decriminalization Of Marijuana948 Words   |  4 PagesMarijuana is a widespread drug all over the world. A few countries, such as Netherlands, Australia and some U.S.   jurisdictions, have decriminalized the use of marijuana. Some people support the legalization of marijuana for medical and entertainment purposes because they believe that it can solve a number of problems. However, it should keep the illegal state for any purpose because legalizing marijuana will create more potential problems. This essay will talk about two important reasons for keepingRead MoreWeed Be Better Off Without Marijuana1728 Words   |  7 PagesBetter Off Without Marijuana Dope, Mary Jane, Pot, Grass, Weed, Blunt, Joint, and Nuggets are only a few of the countless names for marijuana, a narcotic drug used for recreational and sometimes medicinal uses across the world. Recently growing enough popularity among younger generations due to the glamorization of media, and the overwhelming financial gains through taxes and fees seen in Colorado, have caused Ohio legislators and citizens to consider the idea of legalizing marijuana for both recreationalRead MoreThe Legalization of Marijuana Essay868 Words   |  4 Pagescontroversial topics in the news today is the legalization of marijuana. Supporters believe that the drug is not harmful and can have numerous benefits. However, opponents argue that marijuana can lead to addiction and other more dangerous drugs. In the end, marijuana should be legal based on economic, medicinal, and philosophical factors. First, the legalization of marijuana would have a tremendous economic impact. Since â€Å"marijuana is thought to be the second most profitable cash crop in theRead MoreThe Harmuful Effects of Marijuana787 Words   |  3 Pages In 2006, A Drug Free Worlds The Harmful Effects of Marijuana† emerged in the media. ADFW reasons that marijuana is harmful in numerous ways, including cerebral damage and debilitation to the immune system. Throughout the article, they also try to persuade the reader that cannabis is a gateway drug that undoubtedly leads the users into much harder drugs. When reading this article, one must consider that research to support anything can be found if one searches hard enough, but without a doubt

Competition Management Theory and Practice

Question: Discuss about the Competition Management Theory and Practice. Answer: Introduction Presently high amount of competition can be found in any type of business. However, in order to become successful in long term competition, a company has to work ethically. All companies have to develop an appropriate guideline to control the behavior of employees and employers. These guidelines can also help to maintain ethical footsteps in business operations. This assignment has been developed in order to find out the challenges that a business entity has to face, when an ethical issue related with work or workplace occurs. It has been analyzed that, most of the organizations struggled to maintain organizational image and its reputation while these types of ethical issues occur. 7-eleven is the selected organization in this assignment. It has been found that the company 7-eleven is one of the most renowned and recognized business chains that has occupied majority of its market place. It has been analyzed that the company had started its journey in the market of Australia during the year of 1977 with only a single store (7eleven 2017). After that, the company had expended its business immensely. Presently the company has more than 630 stores in Australian market (7eleven 2017). The company has utilized majority of states and renowned cities of Australia. It includes Western Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, Australian Capital Territory and Victoria. The company has approximately 190 million transactions annually. Presently the company is facing some major ethical issues that have hampered companys business operation significantly. In addition, it had been found that these ethical issues have also drawn the attention of customers of the company. For this reason, the company was not able to maintain is organizational image. For this reason, the revenue growth of the company was significantly damaged. Hence, in this assignment, ethical issues faced by the company had been identified. It had also been discussed how these ethical issues have affected reputation of the company and performance of employees. Discussion In recent times, 7-eleen was accused for not paying proper wages to its employees which is an ethical problem for the organization. According to Sivaraman and Turner 2016, a joint investigation was held by The ABC Four Cornets and Fairfax that found that 7-eleven was forcing their employees to work long hours and was not even paying their wages properly. However, the management of the organization tried to distance itself from the problem by saying that the problem was caused by a handful number of franchisees. According to Fraser, (2016), the stores of the organization stay open seven days per week. It is evident that wage costs of operating such a store must be significant. However, the report suggests that in a financial report that was supplied to the 7-eleven head office located in Australia, it was mentioned that total wages of sex employees was a little over $64,000. It was also found that the employees of the organization were paid half the $24 an hour or less (Terry-Armstron g, 2016). Besides it was also found that organization was doing the same with its employees who were immigrated to Australia. Some of them were even international students. As a result of this investigation, the franchising model of the organization came under the public spotlight, mainly the professed unfair financial pressures placed on franchises and, in turn, their staff to make sure profitable and viable businesses. According to May et al., (2014), Australia is the one of the most regulated franchising sectors in the world where The Mandatory Franchising Code of Conduct aims to deliver a level playing field ad franchisees and franchisors. At the time of any dispute, the office of the Franchising Mediation Advisor can support with dispute resolution. However, in the case of 7-eleven the franchises violated all the rules and regulations. In order to argue this ethical problem of the organization, two concepts of managerial ethics will be discusses in this part of the essay. Business ethics is known as the application of some ethical principles and standards to business. However, ethical principles in a business must not be different from those moral principles that business people must apply to their own personal conduct. However, a debate is always there about whether ethical principles must be applied if the consequence is a decline in profit. From the case of 7-elven it is clear that the organization did not follow any ethical principle in order to improve their profitability. According to Michaelson et al., (2014), ethical behavior means not harming others. In the case of 7-eleven, the organization harmed the employees therefore there is no doubt that their behavior was unethical. To describe their ethical problem, two concepts of managerial ethics will be adopted which are immoral managers and amoral managers. Immoral managers, according to Patino, (2012), are the best examples of self-serving greed that can be termed as simple business. These types of managers have very few principles and they view reliability ax religious term which is not applicable in the real world. These types of managers can do anything and everything to accomplish their personal goals and the objectives of the organization. On the other hand, managers who are amoral believe that it is not important to consider ethical principles while making business decisions. They think that it is absolutely legitimate for business organization to do anything they will so long as they stay within in legal and regulatory bounds (Smith et al., 2013). These types of managers are either deliberately or not deliberately amoral. Managers who are intentionally amoral normally observe ethical considerations as an act of charity. However, they also believe that ethical standards which require doing more than what is required by the law ar e not realistic in this competitive business world. One common behavior of the intentionally amoral managers is most their decisions are lawyer driven. They always try to find out loopholes in legal systems in order to gain advantage for the organization. Then there is an unintentionally amoral manager who does not want to pay any type of attention to the concept of business ethics (Stanwick Stanwick 2013). These types of managers do not give any type of serious attention to the unethical consequences of business decisions that can look as amoral. With the amoral managers the biggest problem is that when they are confronted by the unethical results of their amoral acts, they find it easy to justify the need for immorality in pursuit of profit rather than find a way to change their business strategies based on ethical principles. From the case of 7-eleven it can be said that organization and is managers were following the unintentionally amoral attitudes towards its employees. According to the investigation, the organization is to pay workers a total of $4.36m (Wotruba et al., 2015). However, the workers were underpaid $24,000 each. However, this situation was denied by the Allan Fels chief of the panel who said that the complaints of underpayment came from 60% stores only. However, the question is why the organization did this with its workers. According to Ford and Richardson (2013), an agreement was signed between the management of the organization and franchisees. According to that agreement the franchises are expected to pay nearly 55% of revenue to the head office (Weaver, 2014). However, it was not possible for the franchisees to provide that and gain profits at the same time. That is why, they started to gain profits by underpaying the employees. From this scenario, it is clear that the managers of the organization were unintentionally amoral. Managers who are intentionally amoral take unethical decisions using the law and order. For example, the intentionally amoral managers think if there is a legal loophole that can be found to open an overseas bank account in a bank that will protect the identity of the depositors or not. That means if the managers of the franchisee companies wanted to keep their profits while paying 55% revenue, they would find a way that is legal (Uche et al., 2016). However, the story that was revealed by the investigation clearly showed that what the managers did was absolutely unethical. Like unintentionally amoral managers, the leaders of the organization did not pay any type of attention to the concept of business ethics. Their aim was to increase the amount of profitability of the organization and they wanted to accomplish it somehow. That is why; they started to underpay the employees. The investigation also revealed that the organization was also responsible for implementing cash-back scheme in the workplace. According to this plan, the employees were paid right amount of reward that they deserve. However, later they were forced into paying back part of their reward to their employers. From this decision it can said that the organization by any means tried to improve their profitability. They did not care whether the step taken by then is ethical or not. However, Sivaraman and Turner (2016) argued that most of the franchisee carry others brand but are independent businesses. Therefore, it is not right to blame the franchises. Franchisors can easily demand that were acting according to the rules and regulations of Franchising Code of Conduct and they are in line with their franchise agreements and disclosures. When a problem occurs, it is easy for the franchisors to say that legally it is not their problem. However, it is true that the franchisors will face the mai n problems. They will face problems in terms of public perception of their business and brand and also on franchisee and staff recruitment and retention. One good thing about 7-eleven is after finding out about the problem, the organization did not hesitate to come forward. After revealing that all the problems were caused by the franchises, the organization could easily step away and could ask the franchisee companies to pay for their mistakes (Fraser, 2016). However, the organization took the matter into their hands and announced that they would repay all underpaid employees once those are verified. So far, 7-elven has successfully paid nearly 120 workers and has also entered into a compliance partnership with the fair work ombudsman to enhance its practices related to business ethics. As the franchisees were manipulating time sheers, the organization introduced new electronic timekeeping (7eleven.com.au, 2017). The management of 7-eleven also announced that they will terminate those franchisees that violated the legal rules and regulations and forced the workers to work under low payments. From this situation it can be said that the managers of the organization are Moral Managers. Moral Managers is another concept of managerial ethics that states that these types of managers are dedicated to high standards of ethical behavior both in his own personal actions and in his decision of how to handle and organizations activities. The management of the organization through a spokesman of their own told Guardian Australia that the company was unaware of the incident (Michaelson et al., 2014). The organization in any situation did not support the decisions o the franchisee companies. Therefore, it can be said that the organization is following business ethics properly. Analysis In this research work, the main topic is work ethics. In this section, it had been critically evaluated how business ethics is related with leadership style and decision making skills. According to Albert and Merunka (2013), ethics is the belief or value of a company based on which all the business operation are conducted. For instance, 7-eleven always try to maintain customer relation. It is one of the major ethical concerns for the company. Barry (2016) mentioned that employee performance of an organization has significant impact on customer relation. If employees of an organization can offer best quality of service to their customers, then customers become satisfied (Barry, 2016). However, offering high standard of service is not the only ethical concerns that management of the organization is facing. The management of the company has to provide all the necessary benefits and facilities to workers in order to maintain ethics at workplace. All the business managers of a company lik e 7-eleven has to follow some specific acts while developing business operations. It includes acts such as Health and safety Acts, Data Protection Acts, Anti-discrimination Acts, gender equality acts and Right to information Act. Managers of a company have to treat every employee with dignity and respect (Alberts et al., 2015). Albert and Merunka (2013) stated that leadership is another important aspect that can support and promote ethics at workplace. It is the responsibility of an ethical leader to guide every employee towards organizational goal. It had been analyzed that employee performance is highly dependent on leadership quality and style. It has been found that a leader can follow different types of leadership styles depending on the individual characteristics. They are such as democratic leadership style and autocratic style. Ardichvili et al. (2012) mentioned that in democratic leadership style, leaders provide opportunities to workers so that they can express their point of view. The leaders take decisions after taking advice from subordinates. On the other hand, in autocratic leadership style, leaders take their own decisions without consulting with subordinates. Barry (2016) mentioned that, this type of leadership is effective in emergency situation or when a company is able to gain profit. Ho wever, this type of leadership style can lead to discrimination and partiality and give rise to ethical issues (Alberts et al., 2015). It also forced employees to follow the order given by their higher authority blindly. They are not provided enough space so that can express their own point of view in the decision making process. For this reason, employees lose interest in work and they are not able to provide effective service to customers. On contrary, it can be mentioned that business decision is the process that depends both on employees and employers. Ardichvili et al. (2012) stated that, in most of the successful organizations, before taking any important decisions managers involve employees in the decision making process. Audi (2012) mentioned that, it also makes sure that managers can take ethical decisions. For example, in order to motivate employees to take less leaves, at first the management team has to discuss employees about their issues. It will help managers to understand the aspects that can motivate employees to take less leaves. For example, providing work from home facility and extra incentives for not taking leaves can motivate employees to take less leaves. In order to lead workers to organizational goals, business leaders have to develop effective communication with every worker in order to know their issues and challenges (Barry, 2016). Hence it can be mentioned that values and beliefs of managers and the leadership style has significant impact on the decision making approach. In case of 7-eleven, it had been analyzed that leaders of the organization do not follow organizational ethics while taking decisions. It had been found that human resource management team has selected less talented, less skilled and undergraduate employees, who are not even qualified to work in the company. It gave rise to issues related with discrimination at workplace. In addition inequality can also be found in the payment system. It had been found that most of the employees of the company were underpaid. For this reason, most of the employees failed to maintain their livelihood in appropriate manner. The managers did not follow organizational ethics while taking these kinds of decisions. It had increased dissatisfaction among employees, which hampered individual performance of employees and as well as overall organizational performance. Audi (2012) mentioned that, in order to become an effective leader, a person has to follow the ethics of business and principles. They have to develop strong relationship with employees depending on which they can take collective decisions so that they reach the target market in more efficient manner. Hence, it can be stated that all these terms business ethics, leadership and decision making are interrelated. Hence, in order to take appropriate business decisions, business leaders cannot deny the significance of business ethics. Conclusion In this assignment an in-depth analysis has been provided to find out how the management of company can maintain ethics at workplace. It had been found that contribution of employees in a company cannot be denied. However, some of the mangers and leaders of company 7-eleven has denied this aspect. It led the company to a serious ethical issue, which hampered the business operation of a company in significant manner. It had been found that huge amount of employees within the organization were humiliated and exploited. The managers and leaders of the company did not provide much importance to work ethics and values. Discrimination and inequality in the payment system are the major ethical concerns that the company was facing. In order solve these issues; the management of the organization has to follow certain rules and regulations. They have to promote equality and respect within the workplace. They have to treat every employee equally and with respect and dignity. They also have to involve employees in the decision making process and follow democratic leadership style. It will involve employees much with the organization and make them feel valued. They have to understand that providing work from home facility and extra incentives for not taking leaves can motivate employees to take less leaves. In order to lead workers to organizational goals, business leaders have to develop effective communication with every worker in order to know their issues and challenges. Hence it can be mentioned that values and beliefs of managers and the leadership style has significant impact on the decision making approach. Managers have to listen to employees to know their issues and challenges and try to solve them as fast as possible. It will motivate employees to fulfill organizational objectives. In the scenario of 7-eleven, i t can be seen that the organization had no idea about the ill-treatment of the employees by its franchisees. Therefore, it is also important for the franchisors to keep a frequent communication with the franchisee companies so that it can have information about the steps of the franchisee companies. References 7-Eleven: Wage abuse claims puts scrutiny on Fair Work response. (2015). Financial Review. Retrieved 28 September 2016, from https://www.afr.com/business/retail/fmcg/7eleven-wage-abuse-claims-puts-scrutiny-on-fair-work-response-20150830-gjavxh Albert, N., Merunka, D. (2013). The role of brand love in consumer-brand relationships.Journal of Consumer Marketing,30(3), 258-266. Alberts, J. K., Nakayama, T. K., Martin, J. N. (2015).Human communication in society. Pearson. Ardichvili, A., Jondle, D., Kowske, B., Cornachione, E., Li, J., Thakadipuram, T. (2012). Ethical cultures in large business organizations in Brazil, Russia, India, and China.Journal of Business Ethics,105(4), 415-428. Audi, R. (2012). Virtue ethics as a resource in business.Business Ethics Quarterly,22(02), 273-291. Barry, N. (2016).Business ethics. Springer. Ford, R. C., Richardson, W. D. (2013). Ethical decision making: A review of the empirical literature. InCitation classics from the Journal of Business Ethics(pp. 19-44). Springer Netherlands. Fraser, M. (2016). Investigating 7-Eleven: Who are the real bad guys?.Griffith Journal of Law Human Dignity,4(2). May, D. R., Luth, M. T., Schwoerer, C. E. (2014). The influence of business ethics education on moral efficacy, moral meaningfulness, and moral courage: A quasi-experimental study.Journal of Business Ethics,124(1), 67-80. Michaelson, C., Pratt, M. G., Grant, A. M., Dunn, C. P. (2014). Meaningful work: Connecting business ethics and organization studies.Journal of Business Ethics,121(1), 77-90. Patino, A., Pitta, D. A., Quinones, R. (2012). Social media's emerging importance in market research.Journal of Consumer Marketing,29(3), 233-237. Sivaraman, G., Turner, P. (2016). The 7-Eleven wages scandal: The need for law reform.Precedent (Sydney, NSW), (135), 53. Smith, W. K., Gonin, M., Besharov, M. L. (2013). Managing social-business tensions: A review and research agenda for social enterprise.Business Ethics Quarterly,23(03), 407-442. Stanwick, P., Stanwick, S. D. (2013).Understanding business ethics. Sage. Terry-Armstrong, N. (2016). 7-Eleven: A case study of a flawed franchise model.Busidate,24(2), 8. Uche, C. B. N., Oghojafor, B. E. A., Akaighe, G. O. (2016). A Comparative Analysis of Managerial Behaviour in the Public and Private Sectors in Nigeria.Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences (JETEMS),7(3), 116-123. Weaver, G. R. (2014). Encouraging ethics in organizations: A review of some key research findings.Am. Crim. L. Rev.,51, 293. Wotruba, T. R., Chonko, L. B., Loe, T. W. (2015). How Do Codes of Ethics Affect Managerial Behavior? The Impact of FAmiliarity. InProceedings of the 2000 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 430-430). Springer International Publishing.

Media Propaganda

Media Propaganda refers to a message that aims at changing people’s opinion on issues by providing only one side of an argument. Propaganda is widespread in the media especially in advertisements and magazines (Baran and Davis 76). In this paper, we will consider a poster advertisement.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Media Propaganda specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This poster contains an advertisement for a body spray, Axe. In the advertisement, there is a couple walking down the street along window displays. The advertisement shows a man cut into two halves, the lower half and the upper half. The lower half of the man’s body is lagging behind, standing by a window display with a female mannequin dressed in lingerie. On the other hand, the upper half continues walking alongside the woman. In addition, the poster contains a written message at the bottom of the page. This message reads, â€Å"Part Good. Part Bad. That’s Man’s Essence.† Further, at the lower right corner, the poster has a picture of the spray under consideration and the name of the spray: â€Å"New Axe Essence†. This message appeals to the audience to use Axe body spray. The audience of this advertisement is men. This advertisement is simply appealing to men, especially from teenage upwards. Men relate to this idea of walking together with a woman while at the same time admiring other women. This makes them feel integrated (Bhasin 1). The message contained in this poster appears to be appealing to men to use this body spray to get a double deal. It implies that axe gives men an advantage of attracting women who are sexually appealing and at the same time keep their girlfriends. Men have added integrated egos when they attract such beautiful women and seem to have successful relationships. This will translate to the men being content and happy. The man in the poster looks comfortable and confident. Further, the woman in the advertisement seems impressed, happy, and relaxed. The advert makes it appear that the man is the one making the woman happy. Therefore, this implies that men who use axe appear relaxed and composed manage to impress their girlfriends. These influence choices of men who want to impress their girlfriends and make them happy. In addition, the poster portrays the given location as luxurious with lovely shop displays without people. This implies the unique and distinct nature of Axe. Obviously, the properties given to the spray add class to it and allow the spray to select rich and classy men as prospective buyers.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This advertisement portrays Axe body spray as being appropriate for use at any time. For instance, for casual time, at work or anywhere, the casually dressed couple in the advertisement seems to be admiring shop displays’ probably on their way to a casual meeting after work. The man used in the poster is young emphasizing that axe body spray is convenient for young men. He is young and needs to feel happy and successful. The smile of the man in the poster portrays his happiness probably because of his youth. This contentment associates with the audience’s needs and attract their attention. Additionally, the poster uses tranquil and non-screaming colors. Advertisers use blue and grey colors on the spray and the background respectively. These colors are passionate, serene, welcoming and can accommodate diverse moods and occasions. These colors attract the audience and encourage them to use the spray. This advertisement is exceptionally convincing and can attract many people. However, ideological analysis of this advertisement reveals the presence of unintended cultural messages dotted all over the poster (Sproule 130). Cultural aspects that come out can disco urage prospective users of Axe spray if they paid deeper attention to the advertisement. This advertisement suggests that a man who uses axe essence will have more than one woman at his disposal. It assumes that men are happy when they have multiple women. Further, the advertisement stereotypes men as being sex oriented. The lower part of the man’s body staring at the mannequin shows this stereotype. One would wonder why the lower and not the upper half of the body was staring the mannequin considering that it is the one with eyes. What does the lower half of the man’s body use to see the mannequin? Clearly, the body part that substitutes the man’s eye is his phallus. This shows that men view women as objects for their sexual desire, which is not completely true. The message and pictures in the advertisement pose another cultural controversy. The picture indicates that the lower half of the man remains behind while the upper half continues walking together with the woman. The girlfriend does not seem to notice that her boyfriend’s lower part is lagging behind staring at other feminine figures.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Media Propaganda specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The man continues walking as if nothing is happening. This brands men as cheaters and unfaithful spouses. The advertisers seem to know this when they write that man is partly good and partly bad. However, they dismiss it referring it to as man’s essence. This is against cultural norms, which advocates for fidelity among spouses. This advertisement for axe body spray portrays women as sex figures. The lower part of the man’s body lagging behind to admire the mannequin proves this. This act emphasizes on extreme sexuality of women and the power those feminine figures posses to the extent of splitting a man into two. This is obvious in the lower part of the man’s body admiri ng a displayed mannequin wearing red lingerie. This shows that men prefer women who dress skimpily to casually dressed women. These women appear to be extra sexually appealing and attract men. Consequently, this advertisement perceives women as sexual objects and displays women in a negative way. This advertisement is not completely true. For instance, the street appears to be vacant allowing the couple quality time alone. There are shops as shown by the displayed mannequin wearing lingerie. However, we know that shops need clients to keep them functional. The poster neglects this fact and creates an illusion that Axe body spray allows people to be completely alone in the street. The advertisers use this fallacy to create emotion and influence buyers. In conclusion, we are justified to say that this advertisement is effective. The poster effectively uses graphic display and words to convey the intended media message (Jowett and O’ Donell 280). They achieve this by using physi cally attractive people, using a quiet and serene setting. Further, the advertiser’s choice of colors and creativity help them to attract a larger audience. The advertisers capture audience’s attention well and consider their needs. They conform to the audience’s need of being happy, having integrated ego and using distinguished products. Therefore, the use of media propaganda assists the advertisers to achieve their goal. Works Cited Baran, Stanley and Dennis Davis. Mass Communication Theory: Foundations, Ferment, and Future 6th ed. London: Wadsworth, 2011. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bhasin, Kim. How Axe Became The Top-Selling Deodorant By Targeting Nerdy Losers. 2011. Web. Jowett, Garth and Victoria O’ Donell. Propaganda and Persuasion 4th ed. London: Sage Publications, 2005. Print. Sproule, Michael. Propaganda and Democracy:The American Experience of Media and Mass Persuasion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Print. This essay on Media Propaganda was written and submitted by user Fallen One to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Compare The Awakening To Madame Bovary Essays - The Awakening

Compare The Awakening to Madame Bovary Kate Chopin's The Awakening and Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary are both tales of women indignant with their domestic situations; the distinct differences between the two books can be found in the authors' unique tones. Both authors weave similar themes into their writings such as, the escape from the monotony of domestic life, dissatisfaction with marital expectations and suicide. References to "fate" abound throughout both works. In The Awakening, Chopin uses fate to represent the expectations of Edna Pontellier's aristocratic society. Flaubert uses "fate" to portray his characters' compulsive methods of dealing with their guilt and rejecting of personal accountability. Both authors, however seem to believe that it is fate that oppresses these women; their creators view them subjectively, as if they were products of their respective environments. Chopin portrays Edna as an object, and she receives only the same respect as a possession. Edna's husband sees her as and looks, "...at his wife as one looks at a valuable piece of personal property which has suffered some damage." (P 2 : The Awakening) Chopin foils their marriage in that of the Ratignolles who, "...understood each other perfectly." She makes the classic mistake of comparing one's insides with others' outsides when she thinks, "If ever the fusion of two human begins into one has been accomplished on this sphere it was surely in their union." (P 56 : The Awakening) This sets the stage for her unhappiness, providing a point of contrast for her despondent marriage to Mr. Pontellier. She blames their marriage for their unhappiness declaring that, "...a wedding is one of the most lamentable spectacles on earth." (P 66 : The Awakening) She sees their lifetime pledge to fidelity and love as merely a social trap; the same forces that bind them oppress her. Simultaneously, Mademoiselle Reisz, who "...sent a keen tremor down Mrs. Pontellier's spinal column..." which perhaps is the tremor that marks the beginning of Edna's self discovery. "A certain light was beginning to dawn dimly within her, - the light which, showing the way, forbids it." (P 13 : The Awakening) As she explores her world, other men, swimming, and her other romantic pursuits, she experiences her epiphany; she finds that the world has much to offer and kills herself in the lamentation of that which she cannot truly have. Edna finds herself filled with "An indescribable oppression, which seemed to generate in some unfamiliar part of her consciousness...She did not sit there inwardly upbraiding her husband, lamenting at Fate, which had directed her footsteps to the path which they had taken." (P 6 : The Awakening) Edna takes an active part in finding happiness within her world. She pursues her swimming and other men in the interest of ending the monotony she lives with as a result of her being confined into her aristocratic society. Emma Bovary, being both protagonist and antagonist, by contrast experiences her epiphany solely at death. She takes the arsenic when she realizes all that she will not get from what she already has. Her light of discovery is found only in the darkness of her death. She laments not what she does not possess, but what happiness her world does not give her. Hers is a story of spiritual emptiness and foolish idealism. "...Emma tried to find out what one meant exactly in life by the words bliss, passion, ecstasy, that had seemed to her so beautiful in books." (P 24 : Madame Bovary) She searches for that which is found in the fantasy world of books in her own world and falls short of her expectations. Charles, her husband, she takes for granted as "She would have done so to the logs in the fireplace or to the pendulum of the clock." (P 44 : Madame Bovary) Flaubert allows her to see Charles as an object just as Mr. Pontellier sees his wife as an object. Although the characters are of the op posite sex, leaving both of the women displeased with their men, and moreover, their lives. Edna and Emma both use people (Emma is also used herself) when needed, and are discarded when they have outlived their usefulness: "Charles was someone to talk to, an ever-open ear, an

Leonardos began when his father moved to Florence Essays

Leonardos began when his father moved to Florence Essays Leo Leonardos began when his father moved to Florence as the procurator of the Convent of St. Martire in 1469. There, Leonardo worked in the legendary workshop of Andrea del Verrocchio. He worked together with Perugino, Botticelli, Ghirlandalo, and Lorenzo di Credi. Leonardo worked with other people on the painting Baptism of Christ. He regestered in the Guild of Florentine Painters and becomes the Guilds debtor in 1472. A year later, he paints a Wide View Over A Plain with a view of the Montalbano towards Valdarno and Valdinievole. It is the first reliable point of reference in the cronological index of Leonardos works. He was charged with homosexuality in 1476 and was released on probation. He continues to work in Verrocchios workshop. Lwonardo creates the first folios of the Condex Atlanticus two years later.In 1480 Leonardo went to work for Lorenzo Magnifico in the garden of S. Marco.

Child Behavior and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Child Behavior and Development - Essay Example He was able to distinguish between a â€Å"cookie† and a â€Å"cake†. The child had asked for a cookie and his brother gave him a cake instead which he refused and insisted he gets a cookie. The child displayed his language and communication ability by answering all the people around him. Kyle was rather a sweet child who got along better with older children and adults. He always wanted to be the center of attraction while he bossed and gave instructions to his older brother and sister. He was a rather friendly kid as he laughed and joked pulling at his brother’s coat and ran around the table as he sat on each one's lap. He seemed to be an egocentric kid as he was always trying to grab the attention of others. According to Erickson, a child’s psycho-social behavior can be judged by observing how well he interacts with people in his environment. He displayed an emotional attachment as he went in search of his grandfather and when he missed his mother he called out, â€Å"Mommy where are you?† I found Kyle to be a healthy kid who was very active and strong. He had excellent motor skills as he tried to hop, jump, twist and run around the whole place. He banged several times on the glass table and laughed louder as he banged harder. While sitting at the table he tried pushing it using both his feet. His brother assisted him to drink from a juice box, but he pulled it from him and began drinking it by himself. According to Piaget’s theory, a child uses his five senses when interacting with people and things in his environment. This is very true in Kyle’s case as he used his senses to interpret and deal with things around him. The child was a keen observer while playing at the sand table. He watched all the others around him and even answered his teacher while she asked him a few questions. He was capable of recognizing which object to use for scooping up the sand.

Flexible Working Practices and Their Place in Todays Organizations Essay

Flexible Working Practices and Their Place in Todays Organizations - Essay Example This is the reason why companies need to focus on increasing employees’ satisfaction with their jobs. Provision of flexible work environment to employees is one of the main steps a company takes to increase employee motivation and satisfaction levels (Brenner, Fairris & Ruser 2004). In this paper, we will discuss some of the key flexible work practices that can make jobs attractive for employees. The paper will include a discussion on the way human resources can be managed so that employees become more motivated and satisfied with their jobs. 2. Flexible Work Practices Flexible work practices mean different things for different organizations. Some organizations think of flexible work practices as a way to establish a good working relationship between partners, customers, and shareholders, whereas some companies take flexible work practices as the ways to improve employee performance. Generally speaking, flexibility in doing job is all about the way an employer and an employee make changes to when, how, and in which way he/she will work to meet business and individual needs in a proper manner. Flexible work practices help companies in reducing workplace conflicts and employee turnover problems. As Batt and Valcour (2003, p. 189) state, â€Å"the most effective organizational responses to work-family conflict and to turnover are those that combine work-family policies with other human resources practices, including work redesign and commitment-enhancing incentives†. Flexible work practices refer to that type of flexibility that serves both employees and companies in accommodating individual needs (Avery & Zabel 2001, p. 139). Flexible work practice enables businesses as well as individuals to meet their respective needs by making appropriate changes to location (where), time (when), and manner (how) in which employers and employees carry out their job activities. â€Å"Flexibility should be mutually beneficial to both the employer and employee and result in superior outcomes† (Workplace Flexibility 2011). There is a number of flexible work practices that managers can carry out to make employees satisfied with their jobs. Some of those practices include flexible working hours, part-time work, variable year and part-year employment, motivation through recognition, facilitating remote working, job sharing, phased retirement, and flexible job hours. Allowing employees to work in ways that can help them balance their personal and professional life requirements easily is good for employees, as well as for businesses (Stredwick & Ellis 2005, p. 1). Let us discuss some of the main flexible working practices in detail to know how they contribute to improved employee and organizational performances. 2.1 Flexible Working Hours One of the best flexible work practices is to allow flexible working hours to employees (Pil & Macduffie 1996). Managers can schedule the working hours of employees in such a way that employees can feel rela xed. For example, they can change the work timings of 8am - 4pm to 9am – 5pm. Similarly, they can alter the scheduling of work timings to facilitate employees in doing their personal works. For example, they can make employees work for 10 hours a day and then give a 2 hours relaxation for the next day. In this way, the total number of working hours for employees will be the same as in normal case.

The Demand for Health Insurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Demand for Health Insurance - Essay Example Alarming policy is the policy involving market-oriented solutions regarding the health insurance. Since customers have the habit of sorting themselves in certain groups, the talks on how to change the policy is based on the aborting criterion (Morrisey 87). Here, strategies should be put in place so that all level of customer should be favored and that they should not sort themselves in groups. In doing the above, the strength part of it is that all the customers will benefit equally. Weakness here is that customers are hard to understand and they tend to oppose the whole procedure for their own benefits. In most cases, health care policy in the developing country entails a government-sponsored clinics and hospital networks. The above has a goal of primarily providing access of the universe. Often, the above exists alongside the private providers systems for which pockets are paid off by individuals. In addition, it is evident as per the researchers that another health care policy includes health care clinics being prioritize, increasing success, and certain special funds being made available (Manning 4). The above is seen when President Nixon Richard decided to tackle cancer, and he planned to channel some millions of dollars to cater research work. Similarly, other health issues like the aids, small pox just to mention but a few are other forms of health policy that Medicaid put up for the fight of the health care issues.

Treatment of Acute Renal Colic: Rectal Diclofenac Sodium

Treatment of Acute Renal Colic: Rectal Diclofenac Sodium Therapeutic Effects of Rectal Diclofenac Sodium and Intramuscular Pethidine Injection  in The Treatment of Acute Renal Colic: A randomized Clinical Trial Mohammad Mehdi Hosseini, Abdoul-Rasoul Ebrahimi Abstract Renal colic is a type of abdominal pain commonly caused by obstructive stones. The aims of this study were to evaluate safety and efficacy of rectal diclofenac sodium ( RD ) in acute renal colic and compare it with intramuscular pethidine (IMP) injection. In an interventional prospective double blind randomized control trial with 541 patients, which referred to Emergency Department due to acute renal colic, RD and IMP were administrated to 266 patient (as group I) and 275 patients (as group II), respectively. Pain relief was measured through asking the patient by the physician at 10, 20 and 30 min after using of respective drugs in each group. In group I, analgesic effects of RD were appeared in 121 patients (45.5%) after 10 min, 191 patients (71.9%) after 20 min and 233 patients (87.5%) after 30 min. 33 patients (12.5%) had no response to RDS . In group II, analgesic effects of IMP were appeared in 123 patients (44.7%) after 10 min, 191 patients (69.5%) after 20 min and 254 patients (92.3%) after 30 min. 21 patients (7.7%) had no response to IMP. Our results demonstrated that although, there were no significant differences in analgesic effects between two drugs (P=0.06), but, due to availability, cheapness, safety and self administration properties, use of sodium diclofenac in suppository form is highly recommended in renal colic. Keywords: Renal colic; diclofenac sodium; pethidine; analgesia. Introduction Renal colic is a common urological emergency at the emergency department, often caused by the movement of ureteral stones and characterized by severe pain. Patients describe this pain as the most severe and excruciating situation ever experienced (Ay et al. 2013). This condition afflicts 5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 12% of the population in industrial societies at least once in their life time and its recurrence rate is approximately 50% (Esmailian and Keshavarz 2014). The pain is usually attributed to contraction of ureter soft muscles in response to the presence of stone (Holdgate and Pollock 2004). Therefore, the most important consideration in the emergency management of renal colics is pain control/relief (Esmailian and Keshavarz 2014). Both parenteral opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used to provide relief from renal colic (Bektas et al. 2009). For relieving this pain, morphine and pethidine in the traditional approach were used, but, due to their side effects such as addictive effects, constipation, respiratory depression, and mental changes,, using of them is reduced and replaced by NSAIDs (Kalb et al. 2010; Muslumanoglu and Tepeler 2008). Experimental works suggest that prostaglandins (PGs) play an important role in producing pain in renal colic and therefore, antiprostaglandins can eliminate or diminish this type of pain (Hetherington and Philp 1986; Thompson et al. 1989). Diclofenac, 2-(2-(2,6-dichlorophenylamino)phenyl)acetic acid, is an NSAID taken or applied to reduce inflammation and as an analgesic reducing pain in certain conditions such as renal colic. The exact mechanism of action is not entirely known, but the primary mechanism responsible for its analgesic action is thought to be inhibition of PG synthesis by inhibition of cyclooxygenase, one of the basic enzymes in the PG synthesis pathway (Dutta et al. 2000). On the other hand, pethidine is a once popular synthetic opioid analgesic of the phenylpiperidine class (MacPherson and Duguid 2008). The specific adverse event of vomiting showed a clear association with opioids, in particular pethidine. Although no studies reported serious adverse events, the short follow-up period and failure to specifically record renal dysfunction and gastrointestinal bleeding means these results should be interpreted cautiously (Holdgate and Pollock 2004). Given these findings, when a single bolus of analgesia i s used, an NSAID rather than an opioids was recommended. However, in some condition such as severe pain using of opioids is inevitable. Therefore, in this study, we compared the efficacy of analgesic therapy of rectal diclofenac sodium (RD) and intramuscular pethidine (IMP), commonly preferred in emergency departments in our country in patients with renal colic. Participants and Methods A. Patients and study design An interventional prospective multicenter double blind randomized control trial (RCT) with five hundred forty one eligible patients which had renal colic and referred to Motahhary and Peymanieh Hospitals of Jahrom and Faghihi and Nemazee Hospitals of Shiraz between Dec 2005 to Apr 2007 was done. The study protocol and informed consent were approved by the Ethics Committee at Jahrom University of Medical Sciences. All patients who enrolled in this study, were read, accepted and signed the consent form. Participant, with age between 17 to 52 years, randomly allocated in two parallel groups, RD (single dose of 100 mg) and IMP (single dose of 50 mg) in the approximately ratio of 1:1 (266 and 275 patients, respectively). Randomization was performed using a computer-generated random permuted block method. Patients with history of allergy to NSAIDs, hemorrhoids and anal fissures, peptic ulcers, coagulopathy, inflammatory bowel disease, pregnancy, ischemic coronary diseases, chronic obstruct ive pulmonary disease, and liver or renal failure were excluded from the study. B. Method of measurement Subjects reported pain and its decline at 10, 20 and 30 min after drug receiving and according to significant decrease in pain intensity at each time (decrease in pain intensity more than 50%), the patient was placed in the respected groups. Subjects were blind to their previous reports. Our outcome measure was the change in pain intensity at 10, 20, 30 and more than 30 min. The participants that enrolled in group 3 (significant decrease in pain after 30 min) were composed from patient in group 1 (significant decrease in pain after 10 min) and 2 (significant decrease in pain after 20 min) and there was similar pattern between group 2 and 1. C. Statistical analysis SPSS for Windows version 16 package program was used for statistical analysis of the data. t test and analysis of variance were used for analysis of variables. Results were expressed as n (number of patients), and percentage (%). According to the results, a P value 0.05). Distribution of patients according to time of responding to analgesic effects of RD and IMP is displayed in Figure 2. According to these data, the percentage of patients that showed defined decline in pain at 10 and 20 min after using of drug in RD was higher than IMP. However these differences were not significant (P=0.06). Discussion In this study, the analgesic efficacy of rectal sodium diclofenac and intramuscular pethidine administration in patients which suffered from renal colic were evaluated. Our results demonstrated that although, the percent of patients with diminished pain in 10 and 20 min after using of RD was higher than IMP but, this difference was not significant. Therefore, the efficacy of these two drugs is similar. However, due to availability, cheapness, safety and self administration properties, use of RD is highly recommended in renal colic in compare to IMP. In two previously studies, the efficacy of using of sodium diclofenac versus pethidine in acute renal colic were evaluated and reported. In the study of Hetherington and Philp (1986) on 58 renal colic patients, it has been concluded that 75 mg of sodium diclofenac, IM, was more effective than 100 mg of Pethdine, IM, in the management of acute renal colic and has fewer side effects (Hetherington and Philp 1986). Also, Thompson et al (1989) reported that diclofenac suppositories provided potent, specific analgesia in renal colic. They also concluded that, diclofenac is superior to pethidine, because its effect starting at a similar time but lasting longer (Thompson et al. 1989). On the other hand, this fact that diclofenac can be self administered and is not an opiate makes it a useful drug in general practice, especially for patients with recurrent renal colic. Pethidine as a synthetic opioids, is about one tenth as potent as morphine and due to having more lipid solubility than morphine, elimination half life of two to four hours and duration of action of only two to three hours were considered for it (Foley 1985). At 2000, in a double blind RCT, analgesic efficacy, patient satisfaction and side effects of morphine and pethidine in patients with clinically suspected renal colic were evaluated. Although, their data demonstrated that there was no significant difference between morphine and pethidine with respect to any of the parameters measured, but they concluded that because of the well known adverse effects that may be associated with pethidine use, morphine should be the preferred agent in suspected renal colic, when an opioid analgesic is to be used (O 'Connor et al. 2000). In addition, it has been reported that norpethidine, the predominant metabolite of pethidine, is potentially toxic and causing central nervous system excitability such as tremors, myoclonus or seizures. Also, accumulation of norpethidine has also been seen in patients with normal kidneys, particularly with large doses or frequent dosing intervals (Marinella 1997). Finally, due to adverse effects of pethidine and its metabolite, norpethidine and also due to possibility of pethidine addiction, we believe that diclofenac suppositories should be considered as the first line treatment of renal colic, both in hospital and in general practice. Acknowledgment The authors thank the staff physians and nursing team of the Emergency Department of the Motahhary and Peymanieh Hospitals of Jahrom and Faghihi and Nemazee Hospitals of Shiraz and all other people who help in this study. References Ay MO, Sebe A, Kozaci N, Satar S, Acikalin A, Gulen M, Acehan S (2013) Comparison of the Analgesic Efficacy of Dexketoprofen Trometamol and Meperidine HCl in the Relief of Renal Colic. American Journal of Therapeutics. doi:10.1097/MJT.0b013e318274db78 Bektas F, Eken C, KaradenÄ ±z O, Goksu E, Cubuk M, Cete Y (2009) Intravenous paracetamol or morphine for the treatment of renal colic: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Annals of Emergency Medicine 54 (4):568-574 Dutta NK, Annadurai S, Mazumdar K, Dastidar SG, Kristiansen JE, Molnar J, Martins M, Amaral L (2000) The anti-bacterial action of diclofenac shown by inhibition of DNA synthesis. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 14 (3):249-251 Esmailian M, Keshavarz M (2014) Synergistic Effects of Citalopram and Morphine in the Renal Colic Pain Relief; a Randomized Clinical Trial. Emergency 1 (2):26-29 Foley KM (1985) The treatment of cancer pain. New England Journal of Medicine 313:84-95 Hetherington JW, Philp NH (1986) Diclofenac sodium versus pethidine in acute renal colic. British Medical Journal 292 (6515):237-238 Holdgate A, Pollock T (2004) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) versus opioids for acute renal colic. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:1-54 Kalb B, Sharma P, Salman K, Ogan K, Pattaras JG, Martin DR (2010) Acute abdominal pain: is there a potential role for MRI in the setting of the emergency department in a patient with renal calculi? Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 32 (5):1012-1023 MacPherson RD, Duguid MD (2008) Strategy to Eliminate Pethidine Use in Hospitals. Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research 38 (2):88-89 Marinella MA (1997) Meperidine-induced generalized seizures with normal renal function. South Medical Journal 90:556-558 Muslumanoglu AY, Tepeler A (2008) Renal kolik tani ve tedavisi. Marmara Med J 21:187-192 O'Connor A, Schug SA, Cardwell H (2000) A comparison of the efficacy and safety of morphine and pethidine as analgesia for suspected renal colic in the emergency setting. Journal of Accident and Emergency Medicine 17 (4):261-264 Thompson JF, Pike JM, Chumas PD, Rundle JS (1989) Rectal diclofenac compared with pethidine injection in acute renal colic. British Medical Journal 299 (6708):1140-1141 Figure 1. Number and percentage of patients which response/non response to rectal sodium diclofenac and intramuscular pethidine. Figure 2. Comparison on the efficacy of rectal sodium diclofenac and intramuscular pethidine in attenuating of renal colic pain.

Inflation in the UK Economy Essay -- Economics Money England Essays

Inflation in the UK Economy Before starting to explain inflation it is necessary first to define it. Inflation can be described as a positive rate of growth in the general price level of goods and services. It is measured as a percentage increase over time in a price index such as the GDP deflator or the Retail Price Index. The RPI is a basket of over six hundred different goods and services, weighted according to the percentage of how much household income they take up. There are two measurements of this: the headline rate (includes all the items in the basket) and the underlying rate (RPIX) which excludes mortgage interest payments. It is the RPIX which is used more often in this country, as a feature of the UK when compared to the rest of Europe is a very high proportion of owner/occupier homeowners. This means that many people have mortgages, and as such, changes in interest rates (to control inflation) can artificially raise the headline rate. Causes of Inflation There are two main causes of inflation, 1) Demand Pull Inflation This is where the total demand for goods and services in the economy exceeds the total supply. This happens after excessive growth in aggregate demand, and creates an inflationary gap. Excess demand in the economy drives up prices, and high prices mean that Suppliers want to produce more units of their product in order to make more money. To supply more, they must increase their production capacity, and the easiest way to do this in the short run is to increase the amount of labour they employ. This means that they are paying more wages, so people will have more disposable income, and hence there is more demand in the economy. Demand pull inflation is often monetary in origin: when the money supply grows faster than the ability of the economy to supply goods and services. This concept is explained by the Quantity Theory of Money. The quantity theory of money holds that changes in the general level of prices are directly proportional to changes in the quantity of money. It is obvious though, that merely an increase in the supply would have no effect on prices. The increase must be spent in order for this to happen. This is where velocity of circulation (V) becomes important. If the total amount of all transactions is T, and the total amount of money is... ...sion (ie unemployment) are lagged ? they do not respond until after the damage has been done, and so, in the example of the Lawson Boom, because consumer demand did not respond swiftly to interest rate increases, rates were put up too much, which stifled growth instead of merely slowing it. Some people are now suggesting that the cycle of boom and bust has ended with the advent of e-commerce, as more and more firms employ increasingly fewer people, and are far more responsive to changes in demand. There is some empirical evidence to suggest this as inflation seems to have been fairly constant for the last few years (see appendix 2). However, whether this is due to e-commerce, the Bank of England having semi-autonomous control over interest rates, or some other factor, has yet to be seen. Bibliography Introductory Economics - GF Stanlake Chapter 11 Principles of Economics ? Lipsey and Chrystal Chapters 26- 32 Macroeconomics ? Greenaway and Shaw www.tutor2u.net ? inflation, income and unemployment statistics www.answersleuth.com/numbers/1970.shmtl ? chronology of oil prices www.thebankofengland.co.uk -The Bank of England ? interest rate statistics

Emotion and New York Essay

In Proof, there is a contrast presented between the abstract and tangible aspects of life. Claire’s life revolves around everything that is practical while Catherine relies more on things that are theoretical. These choices cause problems in each sister’s life in that they are both disconnected from the real world and neither can relate to other people, including each other. Catherine focuses on the theoretical, letting her life revolve around things that are not tangible, things that other people cannot necessarily see. Early on in the play, Catherine figures out that the number of days she has wasted because of her depression is a mathematically significant number. Math is a very abstract science and this scene shows how mathematically minded Catherine is. It also shows how easily she is able to think abstractly. Her father helps her mathematically manipulate this number right before he admits that he is, in fact, dead at the time of this conversation. Again, Catherine is relying on something intangible, the mental representation of Robert. While Robert was ill, Catherine stayed with him to take care of him emotionally. She did not typically wash dishes, clean the house, or pay bills, Catherine was taking care of her father’s emotional state. In her mind, she was making sure he stayed well by having someone to rely on for the intangible aspects of life. Because Catherine lives in the abstract, she is unable to relate to people who live in the real world. Because of this and other reasons, she has no friends. She tells her father, â€Å"in order for your friends to take you out you generally have to have friends.† Most 25 year olds would go out with friends on their birthday; the fact that she has no friends is odd and causes the audience to worry. In the end of Act 1 Scene 1, Catherine calls the cops to keep Hal from stealing one of her father’s notebooks even though, as she admits in the beginning of Scene 2, she didn’t really want them to come. The cops come back the next morning and are not happy. This shows that she does not relate well with the practical world and its consequences. Unlike her sister, Claire is overly practical, completely engrossed in material aspects of life. While Catherine is at home with their father,  Robert, Claire moves to New York to continue her education, get her own place, and have a job. She pays all the bills from New York, but does not involve herself with other aspects of taking care of their father besides encouraging Catherine to put him in a full time care situation. Bills are very material and concrete, showing how much Claire relies on tangible aspects of life and how well she can deal with these things. When Claire is visiting Catherine for their father’s funeral, she tries to get Catherine to try a conditioner she likes. When Catherine asks Claire for some scientific facts about the Jojoba in the conditioner, Claire replies, â€Å"it makes my hair feel, look, and smell good. That’s the extent of my information about it.† Claire doesn’t know any scientific information about the Jojoba, only how it physically affects her hair. Claire values material objects over immaterial things like emotions, which makes it difficult for her to connect with people and deal with them appropriately. At the party after the funeral, Claire tries to out drink the theoretical physicists and fails miserably waking up with a horrible hangover. Claire does this because she believes, incorrectly, that she is better than the theoretical physicists based on their lack of grounding in the practical world. At the end of Act 1, Claire tells Catherine, â€Å"it’s not your fault. It’s my fault for letting you do it.† This implies that Claire thinks she can control Catherine. Claire believes she can control people like she can control things. Claire also decides she wants Catherine to move to New York so she can keep a better eye on her. She tells Catherine â€Å"it would be much easier for me to get you set up in an apartment in New York† again showing how she wants to control Catherine’s life and does not show regard for Catherine’s emotions such as Catherine’s desire to stay in her home town and her sense of belonging there. Due to Catherine and ClaireÂ’s different priorities, they do not relate to each other and have a disconnected relationship. This is established early on in the play when Catherine says to her father, â€Å"she is not my friend, she is my sister†¦And I don’t like her.† It is clear from this statement that Catherine does not feel connected to Claire. At one point Claire goes so far as to accuse Catherine of being insane, claiming that Catherine has made up  Harold Dobbs. She later meets Hal and does not even apologize to her sister. Sadly, this is not the only thing Claire does to show complete disregard for her sister’s feelings. When Hal shows up in Act 1 Scene 2, Catherine makes a big scene and Claire completely ignores her. “CATHERINE: Okay? I really donÂ’t need this, Claire. IÂ’m fine, you know, IÂ’m totally fine, and then you swoop in here with these questions, and “Are you okay?” and your soothing tone of voice and “Oh, the poor policemen” Ââ€" I think the police can handle themselves! Ââ€" and bagels and bananas and jojoba and “Come to New York” and vegetarian chili. I mean it really pisses me off, so just save it. (Beat.)CLAIRE: (smoothly to HAL) IÂ’m Claire. CatherineÂ’s sister.”Clearly Claire is ignoring CatherineÂ’s emotions and chooses to not try to deal with her sister’s fit. This is also an example of how Catherine inappropriately deals with her own emotions and her sister’s attempts to help. Claire cannot be there for Catherine if she wonÂ’t deal with any emotions and Catherine chooses not to react calmly to ClaireÂ’s assertions. Neither sister has found the best way to live their life, they need to find a happy medium between the practical and theoretical aspects of life so that they can function properly in the real world and relate to the people living in it. Works Cited: Proof by David Auburn

Indian Boarding Schools

Indian Boarding Schools Introduction In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the U. S. government opened many schools for Indians or Native American children in order to introduce Euro-American standards (Harley, 1994).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Indian Boarding Schools specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper seeks to reflect on the events that led to the establishment of the schools, what life was at these schools and their effects on Indian populations, this is in regard to the larger context of the Native American Experience and propose mechanisms of dealing with the effects. Establishment of Indian boarding schools Indian boarding schools were primarily established in order to kill the Indian culture and ensure that they adopt a Euro-American culture that was completely alien to them. There are several other reasons why the Indian boarding school was established, such as weakening families by taking their children away (Smith, 2010). Indian boarding schools were first established by Christian missionaries, who had the sole intention to provide education for the native people, â€Å"The Carlisle Indian Industrial School established by a US Army officer Richard Henry Pratt† was the first school to adopt total assimilation of the Indian culture (Smith, 2010, p. 34). The school was built in 1879 at a military facility and its curriculum was based on what was taught in prison. The school was established following Pratt’s successful teaching â€Å"experiments† on young Indian prisoners (Smith, 2010, p. 35). Schools were widely used as a way of â€Å"civilizing† Indians mainly by the church (Monaghan, 2005, p. 56). The rationalizations of the â€Å"manifest destiny† and the doctrine of â€Å"discovery† were widely used as an excuse by the European settlers to commit atrocities on the Native Americans (Pease, 1986). The Christian belief of manifest destiny wa s used as a prelude in the expansion and colonization of the Americas (Harley, 1994). Basing on this belief, the missionaries felt obliged to spread the gospel to the natives, who, after being softened through Christian ideals, would be colonized by the European settlers. Seemingly, the initial boarding schools established by missionaries were not only meant to impart civilization but also serve as means of achieving the divine mission of spreading the gospel.Advertising Looking for critical writing on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The doctrine of â€Å"discovery† was a major source of friction and some of its aspects are still present in the current United States property rights (Smith, 2010, p. 45). This doctrine was used to validate the claim that Europeans discovered empty land in the America’s.The Native Americans had a communal land ownership system. The Europeans had embraced individua l land ownership practices. Boarding schools were therefore used to change the Native American’s cultureand the communal land practices by extension. The boarding school experience Life in the Indian boarding schools was tough, several victims told about the horrifying experience they went through at the boarding schools. Bill, who belongs to the Pattwin Indian group, remembers that he was sent to the boarding school while aged only six years (Harley, 1994). He remembers a sad experience which filled an everyday life of the boarding school. He remembers being bathed in Kerosene by matrons and having his head shaved against the Indian culture. In what can be regarded as transforming Indians inside and out, it’s seen that all aspects of the Indian culture were forbidden. Different accounts provided by individuals who went through the schools show that the Native Americans denied everything that pertained to their culture, from wearing long hair to speaking their language . The Indian children’s names were changed and they were not allowed to go home to their parents to ensure a cultural disconnection. The aim of the government was to replace the Indian culture, indeed as stated by Pratt â€Å"the only good Indian is a dead one† (Monaghan, 2005, p. 23). This implied that the Indian culture had to be killed. The methods advanced by Pratt and fellow minded Americans were geared towards ensuring that assimilation was gained through total immersion (Pease, 1986).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Indian Boarding Schools specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The aim was to â€Å"kill the Indian culture in the Indians and save them† (Smith, 2010, p. 67). History says that Pratt organized the education of some young Native Americans after he had encountered them at a prison in Florida (Smith, 2010). It’s said that Pratt saw positive changes in the Indians aft er teaching them English, some basic economic skills and ways to govern themselves. It was the main reason to establish several boarding schools and kill the Indian culture, as well as ensure that Indians are assimilated into the popular American culture. Therefore students were to be transformed in regard to â€Å"language, religion, family structure, economics, and emotional expression among others† (Smith, 2010, p. 13). However, things did not always go according to the plan as the children were later subjected to untold abuses. This can be compared to genocide in the sense that it purported to kill the Indian culture and ensure their forceful adoption of an alien culture. Several historical accounts indicate that students were abused in the boarding schools. The US government ran as many as 100 schools both on and of reservations (Harley, 1994). Young children were sometimes forcibly snatched from their parents. Many of them did not understand what was going on. The late Indian Activist Floyd Red Crow shared on how it felt to be taken away from his mother (Harley, 1994). He was taken as a young child from a reservation in South Dakota for the Wahpeton Indian Boarding School in North Dakota (Monaghan, 2005). He remembers seeing his mother cry as the bus took him away. It’s hard to imagine how hurting that was for him and his mother. Annual reports on Indian affairs seemed to suggest that Indians were savages who needed to be compelled by whatever means possible, to send their children to school (Smith, 2010).Advertising Looking for critical writing on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some parents just took their children to these boarding schools simply because there were no other schools for them. It’s important to note that most other public schools were closed for the Indian child. The federal schools were the only ones available to them and curriculum at these boarding schools was different. The curriculum in the public schools was focused on trades, for example boys studied carpentry, while girls curriculum included house keeping (Smith, 2010). There were no concepts in math or other science subjects. Thus, it can be said that, as much as the boarding schools were used to assimilate the Indians, the curriculum was not complete and was not meant to achieve total good for the Indian children. Punishment in the boarding schools was severe. There were accounts of abuses taking place in the boarding schools in form of beatings, food rationing and heavy labor. The federal government commissioned an investigation on the progress and policies towards the Ind ian boarding schools (Pease, 1986). The report provided in 1928 revealed the â€Å"problem of the Indian Administration† (Smith, 2010, p. 70). It showed that many of the children in the boarding schools were â€Å"overworked, harshly punished and poorly educated† (Smith, 2010, p. 71).This finding makes it hard to believe that the government was indeed committed to ensuring the assimilation of Indians. The care provided to the Indian children was inadequate in all aspects. In spite of the fact that the food provided was insufficient in both quantity and quality, young children aged between 10 and 12 were being subjected to heavy industrial work for up to four hours a day. A survey conducted in the 1960s shows that many teacher’s felt that their primary role was to civilize the Native Americans rather than to teach them. This indicates how the schools were institutionalized. The Kennedy administration declared the Indian education to be a national tragedy (Monagha n, 2005). The emotional impact caused on the Indian children who attended the boarding schools can be seen in some written accounts. For instance, one former student says that he can never forget when he saw his mother cry when he was taken away forcibly. To this date, there are still several factors that have not been properly addressed regarding the plight of Indians. These problems are often summed up as the â€Å"Indian Problem† and most of them pertain to their cultural practices and the land factor. As stated earlier, the doctrine of discovery is still very much in the US constitution (Pease, 1986). Conclusion This paper sought to reflect on the events that led to the establishment of the schools, how life was at the schools and their effects on Indian populations, this is in regard to the larger context of the Native American Experience and propose mechanisms on how to deal with the effects. It’s imperative that the government identifies new workable ways of dea ling with the issues affecting the Indians.The government should ensure that measures are undertaken to preserve the Indian culture. By extension, the Dakota and Ojibwe languages should be preserved through measures such as provision of support, promotion and encouragement by the federal government. References Harley, B. (1994). Readings in Diocesan Heritage Volume VIII St. Boniface Indian School. San Bernardino: Diocese of San Bernardino. Monaghan, E. (2005). Learning to Read and Write in Colonial America. Boston: University of Massachusetts. Pease, M. (1986). A Worthy Work in a Needy Time: The Montana Industrial School for Indians. Montana: M. Pease. Smith, A. (2010). Soul Wound: The legacy of Native American Schools. New york: Amnesty International.

The Tiger on the mountain

The Tiger on the mountain "Mom, you said last time was the last time" "But I thought you liked it" "Mom, you go to a boot camp and see if you like it!" I was begging my mom to let me stay home from the survival hike to the Odae Mountain in Korea. I dreaded going because of the insane guide that led the expedition, his name was Mr. Kim. He demanded his students to refer to him as 'sir', and if we didn't, we were punished. Among the slaves, we refer to him as the Bengal Tiger.He was straight out of my nightmares. He was virtually indestructible. I was convinced that he had three sets of eyes that never blinked. He always knew everything we were up to all the time. If I stopped for even a second, I would hear his roar.He was the kind of guy that inspired fear and demanded respect.Klausen Pass (el. 1948 m.) is a high mountain pass...One look at his muscular body and his snow-white hair made me feel like an ant on a picnic blanket. He was apparently in his 60's but he could have fooled anyone. He was strong as a t iger.It was not really a boot camp, but it was in a way, since he yelled like it was a cussing competition. I do not think I could even remember half of the horrors we went through. It would be impossible for me to recall all of the times that he made me feel useless. I spent countless nights clutching my sheets in fear of what the next day would hold.When I was very young, my mother decided that I needed to experience the world and all it had to offer. What she did not know was that she was sending her defenseless 9-year-old child out into the...

Identity development - Edith Piaf- based on the movie La Vie En Rose Essay

Identity development - Edith Piaf- based on the movie La Vie En Rose - Essay Example It is not difficult to comprehend why Piaf suffered so much as an adult, when understanding the loneliness and neglect that she suffered as a child. Edith began her life in Paris but eventually made her way to New York shortly after being accused of the murder of the man who discovered her singing talents. Edith Piaf was indeed fortunate to have an amazing ability to sing and perform, but yet she suffered deeply with issues of inadequacy and abandonment. She fell in love with a married man who was eventually killed in a plane crash. The end period of Piaf’s life was plagued by an addiction to morphine and a series of promiscuous relationships meant to fill the void left within her from her life of tragedy and sorrow. According to the theory of development stated by Freud, there are three components of personality. The Id, the ego and the superego. Freud believed the Id to be a naturally occurring and primal part of the personality which had no real connection to the real world. The ego however could be shaped by outside experiences during development. When applying the life experiences of Piaf to her developmental becoming, it is clear that she was a product of multiple stressors and disappointments. Freud described the ego and the Id as being void of conscience or morality. The superego however was described as the core of one’s conscience. This sense of right and wrong could easily be instilled or manipulated by developmental experiences. Obviously, the sense of right and wrong instilled in Piaf was rather shaky as she quickly justified abandoning her own child just as she herself was abandoned. She had no sense of family or commitment and therefore found an affair with a married father of three to be justifiable as well. Piaf was not shown a strong sense of value or family connection at any point in her life. She was raised eventually by a grandmother who was a prostitute, justifying promiscuous and

How Decisions in Customer Service will Impact the Level of Sales and Essay

How Decisions in Customer Service will Impact the Level of Sales and the Ultimate Profitability of the Organization - Essay Example A lot of companies have invested significant resources in into developing the quality of customer service in their companies in order to increase customer satisfaction and increase the level of customers who become loyal to the company. Gilbert and Veloutsou (2006) acknowledge that indeed customers are the key to long term business success, profitability and growth. In response to a business environment that is increasingly competitive, a growing number of companies are increasingly using their customer service personnel to build long term relationships with clients, with different organizations adopting IT based strategies in order to better manage their customer relationships. The benefits of a satisfied customer are recognized widely in marketing as well as management literature (Sui-Hua Yu, 2007; Palic, Maricic, & Kovac, 2011). Indeed various research have linked a positive relationship between high quality customer service, o customer loyalty in terms of repeated purchases, cros s buying behavior and reduce price sensitiveness of the consumers (Ibrahim & Najjar, 2008; Oliver, 1997; Bloemer & Odekerken-Schroder, 2002; Yu, Shean-Yuh, & Yu-Yi, 2011). ... Problem Statement Most organizations have to deal with the issues of high quality customer service and the impact that such services have on corporate profitability in their course of business. This research considers the relation between these two specifically analyzing the impact that customer service decisions have on company sales and hence profitability. Company sales and profitability are in this case impacted by high customer loyalty due to their satisfaction with the quality of services that they receive. Over the past two decades there has been an increase in customer focused strategies towards increasing company growth. Notably in the new economics of customer service orientation, customers are the central concern of the management of any of any organization. In this sense, the management focuses on factors that drive profitability within the service paradigm ranging from training and development of customer service, compensation that is linked to performance, investment in customer service management systems, and investment in frontline employees (Heskett, Jones, Loveman, Sasser, Jr, & Schlesinger, 2008). There has been a wide array of research that has been carried out on the connection between customer service, customer loyalty and the impact that these have on profitability within an organization. While a lot of study have focused on fast consumer moving goods or the financial products or service (Bloemer & Odekerken-Schroder, 2002; Yu, Shean-Yuh, Yu-Yi, 2011; Sui-Hua Yu, 2007; Palic, Maricic, & Kovac, 2011), none has looked into the mass merchandising sector. This paper focuses on this sector by analyzing consumer shopping behavior and customer service in Beira Mar Mall, which houses a wide array of stores

Understanding of ethics and ethical understanding of life event or Essay

Understanding of ethics and ethical understanding of life event or life stage and of the ceremony that celebrates it - Essay Example This article highlights the concept of ethics in its simplest possible form. Many people tend to equate ethics with feelings. They believe that being ethical is like following one's feelings. This is however clearly not true because feelings frequently deviate from what is right. On the other hand ethics should not even be identified with religion. It is true that most religions do preach ethics in the purest form. Many believe in supernaturalism i.e good is what god has ordained. However, we must understand that ethics and observation of moral codes of behaviour are as much a duty of a religious person as that of an atheist or someone who is not that religious for that matter. Therefore ethics is clearly not a factor of religion. Ethics is also not the same as following the law. It is true that more often than not laws regulate ethical conduct in a society. However, laws like feelings can deviate from being right. Lastly, ethics is not about doing whatever the society accepts. Accor ding to the theory of cultural relativism good is equivalent to what is acceptable in the society. Cultural relativism exhorts that ethics is not about objectivity and that they vary from place to place and culture to culture. This is partly correct. However; socially approved is not always good for the following reasons. Standards of behaviour in societies frequently deviate from what the right thing to do is. ... Although it was by no means an ethical thing to dowhen we look at it logically through the eyes of reason. Even though cultural relativists may not agree with this statement and argue that female infanticide was the right thing to do in the context of the Arab culture. It was the accepted norm in the society and few dared to challenge it. In addition to this the lack of social consensus on many issues prevents societal acceptability to become an ethical standard. Therefore it is futile to assume that any of the above mentioned sources of ethics can dictate ethical standards. Another approach to determining ethical standards is that of consequentialism. This theory asserts that an action is good or bad because its results are good or bad. Thereby the morality of a certain behaviour or conduct is determined by its results. More simply put the ends justify the means. Consequentialists would consider Robin Hood to be ethical because he was stealing for a good cause. However, there is a catch in this theory. It completely disregards means. Although I believe that means are as important as the ends. If you are collecting money through unfair means and giving it for charity, you are by no means being ethical because your means are wrong. Ethical behaviour should comprise both the right means and the right ends. Only then can conduct be classified as truly ethical and right.( Gensler.H, 1998) Other than this many believe that intuition is the perfect judge of right and wrong. Most moral judgements can be made by relying on one's intuition and that there are certain objective moral truths which are universally acceptable. The basic moral truths are thereby though to be evident to